African States can reclaim looted heritage through arbitration and third party funding—unlocking justice beyond costly litigation.

Disarmament enforcement is shifting beyond states. Two vectors lead: Alien Tort Statute actions that expose manufacturers to civil liability for aiding indiscriminate attacks, and algorithmic arms control using OSINT, satellite–AIS and community reporting to surface suspect shipments. Together they form a hybrid architecture: litigation compels discovery and recalibrates corporate risk; OSINT supplies verifiable leads that mobilise regulators, insurers and carriers.

International arbitration lives or dies by enforceability. In England, success turns on two junctions: overcoming state immunity at jurisdiction, and proving commercial use at execution. Draft consent with rigour, build an evidential record early, and align funding to enforcement. English courts—traditional in craft yet modern in outlook—reward disciplined pleading, granular facts, and respect for the seat. Engineer enforceability; do not improvise it.